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Star Chart 1

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Star Chart 1
Star Chart 1
STAR CHART
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
A clear night sky is a thing of beauty and wonder. Thousands of scattered stars twinkle in the
darkness. What are the stars Over the past century or so astronomers have by observation and
calculation established the true nature of these gleaming specks. Now we know that stars are
basically enormous balls of very hot gas, mainly hydrogen, with some helium and small amounts
of a few other things. Inside the star huge quantities of energy are generated by a nuclear process
called fusion. Planets, in contrast are balls of rock, metal and gas with no internal nuclear
energy source. Earth is a planet, while the sun is a star.
Stars come in different brightnesses, sizes and colours. Look out at the sky tonight and you will see
how stars vary in brightness. Some are bright because they are relatively close to us, while others
are bright because they are thousands of times brighter than our own nearby Sun. Find the
easily-spotted constellation of Orion the hunter. There you will see the red star Betelgeuse in his
shoulder, the bluish white Rigel in his foot. To bring order to star catalogues, astronomers classify
stars into what are called spectral types. This means stars are listed and placed in an order based
on the temperature and brightness of their surfaces and the characteristics of the spectrum of
light they shine out. In order of brightest to dimmest star, the sequence runs OBAFGKM.
Here is the classification sequence with a rough guide to how common each type is.
O- blue-white, brightest and hottest (30 000°C or more).
About 1 star in every thirty thousand is type O.
B- white, very bright stars. About 1 star in every thousand is type B.
A- bluish white stars. About 1 star in a hundred is type A.
F- yellowish white stars. About 1 star in thirty is type F.
G- yellow stars (about 5500°C). About 1 star in fifteen is type G, eg the Sun.
K- orange stars, not as bright as the Sun. About 1 star in eight is type K.
M- red stars (about 3500°C). About four out of five stars are type M.
2009 SPACE ODYSSEY
Star Chart 1
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