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IPA-Chart-(C)2005

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IPA-Chart-(C)2005
IPA-Chart-(C)2005
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
´
i ˨u
Pe
e
Øo
E{ øO
a”
å
IY U
Front Central Back
Close
Close-mid
Open-mid
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
œ
ò
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive
p b t d Ê c Ô k g q G /
Nasal
m µ n = N
Trill
ı r R
Tap or Flap
v
| «
Fricative
F B f v T D s z S Z ß Ω ç J x V X Â © h H
Lateral
fricative
Ò L
Approximant
® j ˜
Lateral
approximant
l ¥ K
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
SUPRASEGMENTALS
VOWELS
OTHER SYMBOLS
Clicks
Voiced implosives
Ejectives
>
Bilabial
Bilabial
Examples:
˘
Dental
Î Dental/alveolar p
Bilabial
!
(Post)alveolar
˙
Palatal
t
Dental/alveolar
¯
Palatoalveolar
ƒ
Velar
k
Velar
Alveolar lateral
Ï
Uvular
s
Alveolar fricative
"
Primary stress
Æ Secondary stress
ÆfoUn´"tIS´n
Long e…
Ú Half-long
* Extra-short e*
˘
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
. Syllable break ®i.œkt
Linking (absence of a break)
TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL CONTOUR
e_or â
Extra
high
e
ˆ
or ä
Rising
e! ê
High
e$ ë
Falling
e@ î
Mid
e
%
ü
High
rising
e~ ô
Low
e
ï
Low
rising
e— û
Extra
low
e
&
ñ$
Rising-
falling
Õ
Downstep
ã
Global rise
õ
Upstep
Ã
Global fall
© 2005 IPA
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
N(
9 Voiceless n9 d9 ª Breathy voiced bª aª 1 Dental t1 d1
3 Voiced s3 t3 0 Creaky voiced b0 a0 ¡ Apical t¡ d¡
Ó Aspirated tÓ dÓ £ Linguolabial t£ 4 Laminal t4 d4
7 More rounded O7 W Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e)
Less rounded Palatalized t d ˆ Nasal release
Advanced u™ Velarized t d ¬ Lateral release
2 Retracted e2 Pharyngealized t d } No audible release d}
· Centralized ù Velarized or pharyngealized :
+ Mid-centralized e+ 6 Raised e6 ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative)
` Syllabic n` § Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant)
8 Non-syllabic e8 5 Advanced Tongue Root e5
± Rhoticity ´± a± Retracted Tongue Root e
Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Û
Alveolo-palatal fricatives
w Voiced labial-velar approximant »
Voiced alveolar lateral flap
Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant
Í
Simultaneous S and x
Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative
¿ Voiced epiglottal fricative
Affricates and double articulations
can be represented by two symbols
÷ Epiglottal plosive
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
kp ts
(
(
IPA-Chart-(C)2005